How does Alcohol Affect Crime in the United States Essay

How does Alcohol Affect Crime in the United States - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  there are some crimes mostly related to alcohol consumption. Homicide, rape, burglary, theft, robbery, child abuse, road accidents, Domestic violence, Teens pregnancy, suicides e.t.c are all crimes, arguably having alcohol as a factor in their committal. Since addressing crime alone, by apprehending the criminal is not likely to succeed in reducing the acts of crime, then the root cause and the motivation behind the committal of criminal activities needs to be addressed. Among all crime related activities reported to the police in 2009, 43 % were found to have been committed by individuals who had previously consumed alcohol.This paper stresses that  consumption of alcohol is likely to result to wrong doings that are offensive and punishable by law, for example, drunken driving.   Battery is another sort crime well related with alcohol consumption, where an individual who is under the influence of alcohol engages in physical assault to mem bers of t heir families or their partners. Among all the reported crimes in the US in the year 2009, cases of battery accounted for 36% of all the reported crime. This is an indication that individuals under the influence of alcohol have a higher chance of assaulting their partners or their family members, more than engage in committing any other alcohol related crime.... There are some crimes mostly related to alcohol consumption. Homicide, rape, burglary, theft, robbery, child abuse, road accidents, Domestic violence, Teens pregnancy, suicides e.t.c are all crimes, arguably having alcohol as a factor in their committal (Michael, 171). Since addressing crime alone, by apprehending the criminal is not likely to succeed in reducing the acts of crime, then the root cause and the motivation behind the committal of criminal activities needs to be addressed. Among all crime related activities reported to the police in 2009, 43 % were found to have been committed by individuals who had previously consumed alcohol (Michael, 314). With such backgrounds, then I present my claim that to address crime in America, the US government already pay much attention on regulating alcohol consumption, but it is not effective. This is because, many underage are still being involved in alcohol consumption, alcohol related violence and offences are still on the rise and dome stic violence with alcoholic perpetrators is still rife (Michael, 172). Hence, I will propose that US government should devise legislations and policies that would effectively eliminate minor involvement in alcohol consumption. Furthermore, the government should introduce social programs that address alcohol consumption, through engaging the alcohol consumers to seminars and workshops, which will play a great role in minimizing the number of alcohol consumers. Consumption of alcohol is likely to result to wrong doings that are offensive and punishable by law, for example, drunken driving. Battery is another sort crime well related with alcohol consumption, where an individual who is under the influence of alcohol engages in physical assault to

George Bush Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

George Bush Speech Analysis Essay George Bush begins the speech with a solemn address and informs the people of America about the tragic events that unfolded. The aim of this speech was to reassure the public that they are now safe and the perpetrators will be brought to justice. The use of inclusive pronouns, such as ‘we’ and ‘our’, is just one of the ways in which he builds a sense of unity and togetherness with the audience. He makes it feel like he is equal to them and shares their pain and will help them through their struggles. In the second paragraph, Bush begins on talking about the severity of the attacks. He speaks about the variety of people that died, ‘the victims were on the airplanes, or in their offices-secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers, moms and dads.’ As well as the victims in the plane, he includes the hard-working office workers and the devoted federal workers who lost their lives trying to save others. He ends the line with ‘moms and dads’ and ‘friends and neighbours’, trying to get empathy from the audience that little children have lost their parents and ordinary people have lost their close friends. Later on, George Bush then gives a sense of hope to the nation. He says that the attacks demonstrate the strength of the country and says America is the ‘brightest beacon for freedom’ and that the attacks ‘cannot touch the foundation of America’. George Bush then tries to take a little credit in the emergency response by using the words ‘I implemented’ so that the people still support him as a president. Bush then reassures the public by saying that he will ‘take every precaution to protect our citizens’. He goes on to show the stability of the financial institution and economy. President Bush then expresses his gratitude to the workers and congressmen who joined him strongly in condemning these acts. He talks about the other world leaders who offered their condolences by thanking them dearly. The tragedy of 9/11 was an awakening for America. George W. Bush effectively used the emotions of a saddened country and was able to win over the hearts of many Americans. The rhetorical devices and inclusive pronouns he included in his speech create a definite feeling of reassurance with the general public.

The Emergence of Yellow Power Essays -- Civil Rights

The common perspective of the civil rights movement is often seen from one angle: and that is the African American civil rights movement towards racial equality. And though this movement had significant historical context in American history, the pursuits of other minorities such as the Asian American civil rights movement are often undermined and overlooked. Yet, the Asian American movement surpassed the efforts of the African American movement despite the social and cultural obstacles faced with integrating into a new society. Through intrinsic cultural unity and the influences of the African American civil rights movement, the Asian American civil rights movement achieved more success than the African American civil rights movement by identifying with a common goal and creating organizations to combat racial discrimination and government hypocrisy. Described by journalist Amy Uyematsu as â€Å"victims--with less visible scars--of the white institutionalized racism†, Asian Americans faced similar, if not more brutal xenophobia and racism than African Americans especially given the circumstances and historical context. The post-WWII era unified blacks and whites against a common enemy and created an assimilated group that triggered the path towards racial equality--or in other words: the makings of a more equal and integrated society for blacks and whites. However, with post WWII Japanese resentment, the Vietnam War, and the Korean War, impressions of Asian Americans in the United States declined as those for African Americans rose. Moreover, the voice of Asian Americans often went unheard as they assimilated into a â€Å"White democracy†. As a result, the emergence of the â€Å"Yellow Power† movement began as a direct influence from... ...g/pages/naacp-history>. Nittle, Nadra Kareem. "Asian-American Civil Rights Movement – History of the Asian-American Civil Rights Movement." Race Relations. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Phil Hayasaka." UW Departments Web Server. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Sei Fuji v. California." Scribd. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . Uyematsu, Amy. "The Emergence of Yellow Power In America." Web. . "What Was the 1965 Hart-Cellar Immigration Act? - Illegal Immigration - ProCon.org." Immigration ProCon.org - What Are the Solutions to Illegal Immigration in America? Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . The Emergence of Yellow Power Essays -- Civil Rights The common perspective of the civil rights movement is often seen from one angle: and that is the African American civil rights movement towards racial equality. And though this movement had significant historical context in American history, the pursuits of other minorities such as the Asian American civil rights movement are often undermined and overlooked. Yet, the Asian American movement surpassed the efforts of the African American movement despite the social and cultural obstacles faced with integrating into a new society. Through intrinsic cultural unity and the influences of the African American civil rights movement, the Asian American civil rights movement achieved more success than the African American civil rights movement by identifying with a common goal and creating organizations to combat racial discrimination and government hypocrisy. Described by journalist Amy Uyematsu as â€Å"victims--with less visible scars--of the white institutionalized racism†, Asian Americans faced similar, if not more brutal xenophobia and racism than African Americans especially given the circumstances and historical context. The post-WWII era unified blacks and whites against a common enemy and created an assimilated group that triggered the path towards racial equality--or in other words: the makings of a more equal and integrated society for blacks and whites. However, with post WWII Japanese resentment, the Vietnam War, and the Korean War, impressions of Asian Americans in the United States declined as those for African Americans rose. Moreover, the voice of Asian Americans often went unheard as they assimilated into a â€Å"White democracy†. As a result, the emergence of the â€Å"Yellow Power† movement began as a direct influence from... ...g/pages/naacp-history>. Nittle, Nadra Kareem. "Asian-American Civil Rights Movement – History of the Asian-American Civil Rights Movement." Race Relations. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Phil Hayasaka." UW Departments Web Server. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Sei Fuji v. California." Scribd. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . Uyematsu, Amy. "The Emergence of Yellow Power In America." Web. . "What Was the 1965 Hart-Cellar Immigration Act? - Illegal Immigration - ProCon.org." Immigration ProCon.org - What Are the Solutions to Illegal Immigration in America? Web. 29 Mar. 2011. .

Opinion Piece Romeo and Juliet Essay

There are so many wrong things about the love that Romeo and Juliet had. They said they loved each other, but I do not find that possible. For one thing, the love that Romeo felt for Rosaline was not love. Second, Shakespeare does not exactly explain love very well, or the definition of it. Thirdly, Juliet and Romeo were never in love, plain and simple. And fourthly, defining infatuation. Apparently, Shakespeare has mistaken love for infatuation in this play. First off, the ‘love’ that Romeo felt for Rosaline was definitely not actual love. He only strongly admired her from a distance, not being able to get closer. She never felt anything for him in return; it was never meant to be. But when Juliet came along, his feelings were strong enough to forget about Rosaline completely. Juliet was different; she actually had feelings for Romeo too. When Juliet had feelings for Romeo, Rosaline barely even knew he existed. When Juliet spent time with Romeo and cared for him even though she barely knew him, Rosaline could not have cared less. The fact that Romeo and Juliet’s families are enemies possibly might make the two teenagers want to be together more, to sort of rebel against their families’ ways. I mean, they are teenagers. Now, we have to go over defining love, because clearly it is not properly introduced in Shakespeare’s play. There is no specific way to know you’re in love, because if you actually are you should just know, and feel it. There’s no telling that a first love will never last. There is no rule that you can only be in love when you are a certain age. Anyone is capable of love. Teenage love is true too, and can be strong. Or at least, some is. You cannot say that a person is only in love when they feel certain things. It only matters that you do know the person somewhat well, and you strongly care about them. That they bring out a positive part of you or make you feel warm and fuzzy inside, and that you feel no need to hide your true self from them. Infatuation or admiration is NOT love. It’s like an extreme exaggeration of feelings. For example, say a girl who’s obsessed with a celebrity says she loves him. No, she is not. Because for one thing, she’s never even met the guy before–or gotten a chance to know him. So that is how it was with Romeo and Rosaline. Although, Romeo didn’t know Juliet very well either. Romeo and Juliet were never in love. It is plainly put. Everything happened too fast, the relationship moved too quickly which resulted in a tragedy. There was no time for them to get to know each other. Though you can fall in love quickly once you know who they are. But no, there was no time for that. They just had to get married quickly and leave the knowing each other for later. To love someone, you have to know them. Romeo never knew what Juliet’s favorite color was, or what her hobbies were. He never knew her fears, her favorite food, or her skills. Juliet never knew if Romeo liked poetry, music, or fighting. Though, obviously he did not. But did she ever know that? Maybe he was afraid of spiders. Who knew? Juliet barely had an idea. In order to love someone, you have to know at least something about them or their life or their personality. It is absurd. And in order for them to have a successful marriage, they would have to get to know each other pretty well first. You can not save that for later, marriage does not work that way. And what if, once they did get to know each other, they did not like each other at all? Say, if one was not what the other was expecting of a person. They might make each other mad all the time, and the relationship would come crashing down, only because they didn’t know each other first, before they went and got married. Infatuation. To define it more specifically, it is when you obsess over someone or something, saying you love it and adore it but you really don’t, you just don’t know it. You strongly admire that thing or person, and you love the idea of it being yours. So basically it’s a sense of possession you feel when you really want something and all you care about is having it. You become completely obsessed and that’s all you care about. So, evidently, Romeo was definitely infatuated with Rosaline, and he was infatuated with Juliet too, the only feelings Romeo ever felt for anyone was infatuation. Juliet and Romeo barely knew each other.

Personal Networking

Personal networking is a concept that has gained much relevance overtime it has especially been advanced by capitalism in that man tends to utilize labor from other as well as resources at his / her disposal to make ends meet. In the process it becomes important that one must often rely on peers and acquaintances in order to be successful in both social – economic arena as well as political arena. Although the term is controversial as at is mysterious, many explanations have surfaced. For instance there are those who argue that networking is morally wrong for it leads to marginalization or at least exemplifies it. In that regard those who take that view are opposed to networking concept mainly because it puts some people at disadvantage and this leads to inequality. For an instance in highly unprofessional business environments, job advertisements are not done appropriately. Therefore getting employed in such an environment requires one to have access to insider information on the company. This comes in the form of how networked one is. Networking simply refers to endless efforts of that are put to get connected or make connections for as to facilitate changes with other people or business. It actually involves knowing people as other businesses. It also entails developing communication process with these people and businesses. The communication involved here should be critical and of the accepted language that is persuasive and attracting should be encouraged. This attracts more people who in this are the customers as well as promoting god relationship with other businesses sometimes that leads to increase in profits and consequently success of the business. Networking involves exchanging, interacting and exchanging ideas or referrals, which it demands that trust must be, build between or among the involved parties. Networking is done anywhere for instance when tow people meet at a certain place they can decide to exchange their business cards. This can also happen to more than two people and it is very help full since incase one of them lands on to a job he/she can contact the others. Hence e networking is a very highly appreciated practice since it can alter these living standards. Networking is done al the time and is very essential especially when a newly established business is in need for a fast growth and success. It should network with the other businesses. The managers should network with those of other businesses so that they stand in a position of acquiring ideas that can help them cause tremendous growth to their businesses whenever they apply them. It should also seek to network with customers, offering quick and standard services so that the customers rest assures and trust the business in all its endeavors This will lead to customers recommending the business, which is simply networking. Through giving recommendations on the well services offered by the business, the customers will have networked with the business and more customers will chip in to benefit from the services. This way, the business will attain a fast growth since profits will be high. Networking is very important also for individuals who are engaged in provision of quality products or those who are involved in doing quality work. If these people really want success in their undertakings, they should interact with other people and give out their products. They will also in return get a lot of positive recommendations or reinforcement from the people and this is all what networking entails. Personal networking entails Personal networking is very important and can even help someone in finding a new job. As long as one has quality performance, one just need to reach out for those people who are in the highest ranks in the job and this will enable the person get a job easily. In order to network, one needs to know quite a lot of people, as well as establishing relationships with new people Businesses that practice networking establish very good relationship with the customers as well as the employers. Through networking, the businesses are able to reveal the services that they offer to their customers as well as how it operates. A good relationship between the business and the customers is established and this leads to fast growth of the business (Blyler, & Roundy,1993). Through networking also, businesses are able to open up their suppliers and if for example the business is unstable, a consensus may be reached for the supplier to be collecting their dues after an agreed period of tie. This promotes fast growth of the business. Every business organization should have a well-established communication method for it to experience success. Communication is a very important tool in business since it is only through communicating that the business can access its suppliers as well as other business counterparts. It is also important since it helps the business to pass information to its customers for example information about change of location, change in costs, or even introduction of a new property or service in the business. There quite different methods of communication in any business organization. These may include (a) Written method of communication This is a method of communication that uses letters to pass information. It is useful especially for the deaf or those people who have hearing problems, though they can still use sign language. Written method of communication is effective since the message is conveyed very fast once it is read by a few people. Written method or simply use of letters can be essential both for internal communication as well as external communication. They can be used to communicate to workers on pay rises, disciplinary measures as well as promotions. They can also include use of diagrams but this mostly depends on the nature of the message. This method of communication is cheap since no electronics are used moreover, there is a record kept for reference purposes. It also contains a lot of information especially when use of figures is practiced. However, written method of communication can be sometimes unreliable since it can be distorted or get lost. There is also possibility of not reaching the addressed people and can also be inconvenient method especially when the information to be communicated is urgent. This is due to the fact it takes quite a lot of time to construct the letters. There is no evidence whether the message has been delivered and received by the concerned people unless the concerned provides feedback. Additionally, the written form of communication a lot uncertainties since in case of wrong information, the recipients reply to it as it is. (b) Visual method of communication According to, Spitzberg, and Cupach. (1984). This also keeps workers informed on what is going on within the business enterprise. It mainly consists of picture accompanied by text. The picture or diagram has a meaning that is intended to pass across. This method of communication is very time consuming especially in drawing the pictures and the diagrams. Wrong information is likely to be passed to the concerned people, for example where the person drawing the pictures is not well conversant with relating the intended message to be communicated and the picture to represent this. However, if the pictures are kept attractive and eye catching, (Asante, & Gudykunst, 1989) they tend to draw attention of many people and if the message is well depicted in the pictures, then many people receives it. c) High tech method of communication. This simply refers to use of electronic communication, such as computers, televised pictures, e-mails, telephones as well as telex. It is a method that has facilitated communication process in terms of speed and reliance. For instance, use of e-mails in businesses for communicating takes a very short period of time and it is very reliable since an assurance that the intended recipients get the information is created. This method of communication is also used to reach people who are very far for example outside the country since there is a provision for Wide Area Network (WAN). This leads to attraction of customers from far and wide, who get to network with the business and hence success is achieved. In addition, accuracy is a very important element that is also achieved through use of this method as well as provision of immediate feedback. However, this method of communication is very expensive, for instance, it costs the business enterprise a lot of resources to buy computers, VDU screens as well as fixing telephones and telephone lines. Leiss, (1990) states that effective communication is the key factor that enhances administrative function. Effective communication simply refers to passing of the required messages to the intended recipients and ensuring that the messages reach the targeted people who are the recipients. It also entails use of the right communication channels that ensures which ensures that all the recipients have got the message as well as using the correct and the right language, which ought to be polite in passing messages. Administration is a very important practice in any business organization since it is through it that a peaceful working environment as well as an organized running of the organization is achieved. For the administrative functions to be satisfactorily met, effective communication should be encouraged. Guidelines to effective communication include: The urgency of the message to be communicated should be considered so as to be able to choose the effective method of communication. Here, very urgent messages should be communicated through High tech methods while those which are not urgent can be communicated through written methods. In order to communicate effectively, the administration also should consider the target or rather the audience. If for example, the target recipients of the message are deaf people, then the best methods of communications to be used are visual and written methods. Using oral communication in this scenario hinders communication and this leads to communication barrier, something that affects the business negatively leading to its collapse or losses. Effective communication is also achieved through realization and consideration of the other people’s interests, values as well as respect for their well being. This means that, no messages that demand people to do things that they cannot afford or are beyond their capabilities should be conveyed to the people(Stocklmayer, Gore, & Bryant, 2001). Effective communication should also put into considerations the time when the message is being conveyed to the recipients. For instance, Messages that come from the administration at the closing hour of the business when most of the workers are in a rush to reach their respective homes or attend to other duties are most likely not to be given the required attention (Allen, 1987). This then leads to poor flow of messages within the hierarchy. However, messages that are released or passed to the recipients in the morning hours are likely to draw quite a lot of attention from the recipients. This leads to a very nice flow of information and the overall result is success to the business since coordination will be maintained. Conclusion. Personal networking is very useful and important. It is one of the most attributes that a person can use to reach higher levels of success for example when one secures a good job through his efforts in meeting and making new friends. Networking is also very essential in business for it is only the way through which the businesses get to be known by quite a lot of people who also become the customers and this translates to success.

The new imperialism essays

The new imperialism essays During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States built a solid empire and gradually transformed into an imperialist nation. Throughout this period of time, the U.S. grew into a zenith global power and ruthlessly dominated weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, and militarily. As the American empire pursued new territory and pushed for foreign business markets, U.S. naval bases, and the spread of American culture and society, many countries began to feel occupied by the United States relentless force. The U.S. intervention and annexation of Hawaii and the Philippine Islands in the 1890s is a prime example of Americas persistent jingoist policies of aggression and force during Americas generation of the new imperialism. On May 4, 1898, United States Congress introduced a joint resolution calling for the annexation of Hawaii. At the time, William Mckinley was President of the U.S. and he supported and encouraged the taking over of Hawaii for economic and political expansion reasons. Mckinley and his administration vaguely argued that the annexation of Hawaii was necessary because it would not only provide security and order to Hawaiian inhabitants but that it would also reinstate the liberal constitution issued to Hawaii in 1887. This liberal constitution had been replaced by Queen Liliuokalani to give her extensive personal power. Did that make it right and essential for the U.S. to intervene? Of course not; as a matter of fact, the Queens new constitution was favored by the Hawaiian people and most of them did not want American annexation of their territory. The Hawaiian people should be able to determine how they are governed and ruled in their territory. However, it wasnt that way and in June of 1898, Congress passed the Hawaii annexation resolution and out of its control, Hawaii was another unfortunate territory occupied by the United States new ...

Colonial Virginia Essay

Colonial Virginia Essay Colonial Virginia Essay The colony of Virginia was a very important part of American history. Virginia is now known as â€Å"the mother of states†, but there is a reason for this nickname. Not only was it one of the original 13 colonies, it was the first colony established, thanks to an English man named John Smith. There were many key events in our history that happened in the colony of Virginia. The government, language, customs, and beliefs of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’ heritage today. In the early 1600’s, English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh wanted to make more money for the Virginia Company, so he wanted to create a settlement. English queen, Queen Elizabeth I, wanted to expand trade, so she granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter to go to the new world and create a settlement there. With one hundred forty four colonists on board, the first settlers left England on December 20th, 1606, with one goal on their mind: to find land where they would be concealed from the Spanish, seeing as the Spanish were a competitive threat to the British. On May 13th, 1607, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery ships arrived in Jamestown. The Virginian Company of London financed the settlement of Jamestown. They made sure that the settlers and colonists made it to the new world. Once they arrived, King James I granted charters to the Virginia Company that then gave them the right to establish settlements in Virginia. This colony at first did not last long be cause the settlers wanted to find gold and get rich, so they did not bother building houses or finding food. Also, this group of settlers did not include any women or children, so they couldn’t expand the colony. In 1609, John Smith came to Virginia and established trade with the Indians that had already been living there. Captain John Smith became the colony’s leader in September 1608. Once he became the leader of the colony, he put the settlers to work. He made them build houses and find food for themselves, so they could survive. He wasn’t leader for long, though because he was injured in a gunpowder explosion and sent back to England. Then, a man named John Rolfe took over. He also put the settlers to work, and introduced the growing of tobacco into their farms. Before the colonists started growing tobacco, they had many economic problems. This may have been because they were lacking detailed geographic knowledge of the North American continent. Now, with tobacco, they could really start making money. Tobacco was the main economic activity in Virginia at this time. This cash crop became so popular that any farmer who wanted to grow it also had to grow 2 acres of corn, which was also an important crop for profit. In 1610, more settlers arrived with supplies and also came to find wealth. Virginia’s population grew rapidly. As more and more men came in, the need for indentured servants grew as well. The indentured servants did all the labor in the fields. Almost a decade past when the first black slaves arrived. The first few years they were treated as indentured servants. Soon black slaves replaced indentured servants and the primary source of labor. By this point, Native Americans had become a real problem. They went on raids to kill any settlers and burn their

How to Calculate Your Heat Index Temperature

How to Calculate Your Heat Index Temperature You check the high temperature to see how hot the day will be. But in summer, theres another temperature besides air temperature thats just as important for knowing how hot you should expect to feel the Heat Index. The Heat Index tells you how hot it feels outdoors and is a good tool for determining how at risk you may be on a given day and time to  heat-related illnesses.  How can you find this summer temperature? There are 3 ways (other than looking at your forecast) to find out what your current Heat Index value is:   look at a Heat Index chart,use a Heat Index weather calculator, orcalculate it by hand using the Heat Index equation. Heres how to do each. Reading a Heat Index Chart Use your favorite weather app, watch your local news, or visit your NWS local page to find the current air temperature and humidity where you live. Write these down.Download this NWS Heat Index chart. Print it in color or open it in a new internet tab.To find the Heat Index temperature, put your finger on your air temperature. Next, run your finger across until you reach your relative humidity value (round to the nearest 5%). The number you stop at is your Heat Index.   The colors on a Heat Index chart tell how likely you are to suffer heat illness at specific Heat Index values. Light yellow areas indicate caution; dark yellow areas, extreme caution; orange areas, danger; and red, extreme danger. Keep in mind that Heat Index values on this chart are for shaded locations. If youre in direct sunlight, it can feel up to 15 F hotter than whats listed. Using a Heat Index Weather Calculator Use your favorite weather app, watch your local news, or visit your NWS local page to find the current air temperature and humidity where you live. (Instead of humidity, you could also use dew point temperature.) Write these down.Go to the online NWS Heat Index Calculator.Enter the values you wrote down into the correct calculator. Be sure to enter your numbers in the correct boxes either Celsius or Fahrenheit!Click calculate. The result will be displayed below in both Fahrenheit and Celcius. Now you know how hot it feels outside! Calculating Heat Index By Hand Use your favorite weather app, watch your local news, or visit your NWS local page to find the current air temperature (in  °F) and humidity (percentage). Write these down.To approximate the heat index value, plug your temperature and humidity values into this equation and solve. Resources Links National Weather Service. What is the heat index? National Weather Service Amarillo, TX. Accessed 30 July 2015.

Arguing that restrictive state abortion law DO NOT violate the right Essay

Arguing that restrictive state abortion law DO NOT violate the right to privacy set in ROE v. WADE - Essay Example The right of privacy is broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision on whether to terminate pregnancy or not. According to UN there are set committees created to ensure governments’’ compliance with their treaty obligations. The committee on the elimination of discrimination against women (CEDW) states that it is the duty of states parties to ‘respect, protect and fulfill women’s right to health care. The committee also raised concerns to unsafe abortion particularly in cases of rape. Such incidence also has raised the mortality rates in the world. When the case of Roe v. Wade was decided in January 1973, abortion except to save a woman’s life was banned in nearly two thirds of the state (Payment, 2004). The banned made women’s organizations to fight for the right to access safe and legal abortion, and surprisingly international human rights law support their claims. Since 1973, in the decision of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court, states have constructed a lattice work of abortion law, codifying, regulating and limiting whether, when and under what circumstances should a woman abort. The denial of a pregnant woman’s right to make an independent decision regarding abortion violates or poses a threat to a wide range of human rights. The CEDAW committee has consistently criticized restrictive abortion laws that endanger a woman’s life. The UN committees suggested that women have a right to decide independently in all matters related to reproduction, including the issue of abortion. Roe a single woman in Texas sought a declaratory judgment that the Texas criminal abortion statutes were unconstitutional on their face, and an injunction restraining the defendant from enforcing the statute. She alleged that she was unmarried and pregnant and she wished to terminate her pregnancy by abortion. The abortion was to be performed by a competent

Therapeutic Nursing Interventions Research Paper

Therapeutic Nursing Interventions - Research Paper Example Nursing is a field that involves dealing with a large number of people and thus, communication is a key factor at work. However, it is through communication that the nurses get into conflicts with one another and with the patients (Morrell-Stinson, Abraham,  & Bolliger, 2012). Statement of the Problem The clinical problem here is conflict among the nurses and with the patients. While working, nurses tend to disagree about many things concerning work. In my environment nurses engage in issues such as stubbornness, failure to adhere to the right clinical ethics, and failure to follow the set rules and regulations. Therefore, this raises conflicts since the head officers will not agree to some of the behaviors displayed (Morrell-Stinson et al., 2012). The work environment also contributes to conflicts among nurses. For instance, in an environment where the laboratory equipment is few, nurses may get into a conflict over the use of such instruments. However, this will also depend to th e way in which the environment is organized. In an environment where duties are not well allocated to the nurses, the conflicts are bound to increase (Bjork,  1995). Since nurses are always working together, differences in personalities also contribute to conflicts. Each nurse has his or her own personality, which may be different from that of another nurse. This way, disagreements may be on the increase if two different personalities cross paths. In my environment, the issue of poor qualifications also contributes to conflicts both among the nurses and with the patients (Bjork,  1995). Conflicts with the patients occur when patients feel that the nurse does possess efficient skills in the field. On the other hand, conflicts with other nurses arise when a nurse performs a particular duty in the wrong manner. Therefore, the problem of conflicts in the nursing field can be faced in different ways. This is a clinical problem in my environment because many nurses have performed poor ly at work due to the issue of conflicts with their colleagues and patients. In addition, conflicts with patients have also caused loss of lives of many patients. This can be mainly explained by the fact that conflict resolution methods in my environment are very poor (Stanton,  2012). The reason why I chose to investigate this problem is because the issue has become a key subject of discussion since it is causing many losses among nurses and patients. For instance, conflicts have caused many nurses to lose their jobs and even their licenses. On the other hand, patients have also died due to chaos among the nurses in clinics. Therefore, this is an issue that needs immediate attention before it causes more losses. Increasing conflicts can also be attributed to the increasing diversity among people. For example, in the United States, clinical facilities are composed of nurses from different races and cultures. Therefore, the workplace consists of people with different cultural value s and thus, they have to learn how to tolerate one another’s values in order to stay in harmony. Current Clinical Practice In the current clinical setting, diversity is the key cause of conflicts and thus, nurses have to find a way of accepting and appreciating one another. The key mechanisms used in the current clinical setting include application of policies and regulations that should be followed at the workplace. However, in most cases these regulations do not

International business(fail in emerging economies) Essay - 1

International business(fail in emerging economies) - Essay Example This is because globalization of markets, as Czinkota, et al (2010) says, has also led to the globalization of business risk. There can be a myriad of reasons for these divestments but there has not been any detailed research to investigate the underlying factors that affect the divestment. The most generic definitions of divestment is a situation where a business willingly sells off some of its assets as a result of a discontinuation of part of it operations (Nees, 1978). Divestments can therefore happen locally or in a situation where a firm requires divesting from a one of its overseas branch (Davis, 1974, p. 16). There are some generic reasons why a firm may opt to divest. These include raising funds, need to focus on core business, specialization, asset consolidation and cleansing (removing dysfunctional parts of the firm) etc (Hamilton & Chow, 1993, p.479). The current trend to divest from international markets may indicate that none of these may be involved and therefore there is a need to investigate the real dynamics behind multinational divestments from emerging markets. Wal-Mart is one of the oldest and most successful retail chains in the US. The firm runs hundreds of stores in America and across a number of other countries across the world (Wall Mart, 2013). Wal-Mart was one of the first retail chains to use information technology to help in meeting customers’ needs and also in increasing efficiency. To achieve this, the firm uses high end computer servers and system that make data sharing easy and efficient. The firm is able to have a real time data sharing using a wide area network that connects all its stores. With this kind of sharing of data the firm is able to increase efficiency and therefore make customer service better (Wall Mart, 2013). For instance, data collected at the point of sale units in every Wal-Mart satire is sent to a computer in real time. This data is used in managing inventory and also in helping

European free trade zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

European free trade zone - Essay Example The seven member countries of EFTA including Austria, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland were not willing to be the part of the European Economic Community at that time. Finland, Iceland, and Liechtenstein joined EFTA later. Under the EFTA treaty, the member countries made a partnership in order to form and manage a free trade zone, and they initially established such a region among themselves; the free trade area then eventually broadened to include the European Community. By the formation of a European free trade zone, the member countries aimed â€Å"increased productivity, a more efficient use of resources, the expansion of economic activity and full employment as well as promoting financial stability and improving living standards† (â€Å"European free trade area†). Gradually, some countries left the EFTA and presently the EFTA comprises Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. In 1992, EFTA made agreements with EEA (Euro pean Economic Area) to aid its members to join the European internal market freely. These agreements contained specific provision regarding the preservation of social policy, consumer rights, environment, and company law and statistics. In addition, the agreement also included various provisions for the mutual cooperation of EEA-EFTA Member States in various areas such as researches and development, information technology, education, industrial operations, tourism, multimedia sector and civil protection (â€Å"European free trade area†). As Ranchev and Georgi point out, in Southeast Europe, seven countries including Albania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Macedonia, and FR Yugoslavia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on 27th June 2001 for the establishment of a free trade zone in that area (1-13). After the collapse of the Iron curtain, two free trade areas namely Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA) and Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) were for med so as to stabilize the countries under these areas for membership of the EU. However, the original members from both these areas left the agreements and joined EU after the enlargement of EU in 2004. CEFTA has spread its operations to Southern Europe by adding members from Western Balkans and Moldova regions. The EU not only operates as a free trade area but it engages in more widespread operations with its predecessor, the European Economic Community. The EU offers services to EFTA members by sharing its single market through European Economic Area and it maintains provisions for making free trade agreements with most other European countries. Presently Europe includes three multi-lateral free trade areas in addition to the European Union which maintains a single market and one former-FTA. Crises to European Free Trade Zone The European free trade area has faced a large number of crises from the beginning of its history. Although, the free trade zone implementation process for Southeast Europe has been well structured, many economists opine that this trade liberalization process may result in adverse economic impacts. Ranchev and Georgi strongly argue that the concept of free trade zone would raise potential threats to the sustainable economic growth of the

Nursing in a legal and ethical environment in Australia Essay

Nursing in a legal and ethical environment in Australia - Essay Example lia or NMBA (AHPRA, 2013; AHPRA, 2013b; ANMAC, 2013). The OH&S Act of 2004 took effect on July 1 2005 with the effect of governing the health and safety of workers in Australia, superseding an older law that had the same name and dating back to 1985. This latter legislation is vital in that it lays the legal framework for worker protection and the securing of that as well as the worker’s health through cooperation between employees and employers and through self-employed individuals and the government and concerned agencies (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2013b). The Victorian Charter of Human Rights, as the name implies, is a fundamental charter that forms the foundation of the acknowledged human rights in the state of Victoria, and used as foundation for a large body of precedent law on issues relating to human rights for all kinds of workers, including those in the health care system, and the people that they interact with (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2 013; Law Institute of Victoria Limited, 2012). The National Registration and Accreditation Scheme or NRAS, on the other hand, is an accreditation scheme that started in 2010 and had the purpose of making sure that professionals in the health care field are vetted and accredited by a single governing body. The list of professionals in this scheme include dentists, medical doctors, chiropractic experts, Chinese medicine practitioners, pharmacists, nurses and midwives, occupational therapists, medical radiation professionals, osteopathy professionals, physiotherapists, podiatrists, and psychologists. The idea is each of the professional associations known as National Boards in the healthcare field have their own sets of rules and regulations, standards for admission, and professional guidelines and codes, while the NRAS provides aid in administration to the National Boards via the AHPRA as the coordinating agency and the agency tasked with administration duties for the NRAS (Commonweal th of Australia, 2013). II. Regulations that Govern the Advocacy of Patient Rights, Duty of Care In the OH& S Act, there are provisions relating to the performance of skills only to the levels to which the performer has been trained, to secure the safety and the well-being, as well as the security of patients under the care of the performer of the tasks. Moreover, there are aspects of patient rights that are protected by the code of ethics and the rules of behavior embodied in the charters of the National Boards, as well as in the NRAS, and the governing and accreditation bodies including the AHPRA, the ANMAC, and the NMBA. It can be said that this body of codes altogether guarantee a level of professionalism and a degree of competency required for professionals, by way of securing the safety and the well-being of the patients. Moreover, duty of care provisions are likewise embodied in the codes of conduct and the codes of ethics, as well as the rules and regulat

European free trade zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

European free trade zone - Essay Example The seven member countries of EFTA including Austria, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland were not willing to be the part of the European Economic Community at that time. Finland, Iceland, and Liechtenstein joined EFTA later. Under the EFTA treaty, the member countries made a partnership in order to form and manage a free trade zone, and they initially established such a region among themselves; the free trade area then eventually broadened to include the European Community. By the formation of a European free trade zone, the member countries aimed â€Å"increased productivity, a more efficient use of resources, the expansion of economic activity and full employment as well as promoting financial stability and improving living standards† (â€Å"European free trade area†). Gradually, some countries left the EFTA and presently the EFTA comprises Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. In 1992, EFTA made agreements with EEA (Euro pean Economic Area) to aid its members to join the European internal market freely. These agreements contained specific provision regarding the preservation of social policy, consumer rights, environment, and company law and statistics. In addition, the agreement also included various provisions for the mutual cooperation of EEA-EFTA Member States in various areas such as researches and development, information technology, education, industrial operations, tourism, multimedia sector and civil protection (â€Å"European free trade area†). As Ranchev and Georgi point out, in Southeast Europe, seven countries including Albania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Macedonia, and FR Yugoslavia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on 27th June 2001 for the establishment of a free trade zone in that area (1-13). After the collapse of the Iron curtain, two free trade areas namely Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA) and Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) were for med so as to stabilize the countries under these areas for membership of the EU. However, the original members from both these areas left the agreements and joined EU after the enlargement of EU in 2004. CEFTA has spread its operations to Southern Europe by adding members from Western Balkans and Moldova regions. The EU not only operates as a free trade area but it engages in more widespread operations with its predecessor, the European Economic Community. The EU offers services to EFTA members by sharing its single market through European Economic Area and it maintains provisions for making free trade agreements with most other European countries. Presently Europe includes three multi-lateral free trade areas in addition to the European Union which maintains a single market and one former-FTA. Crises to European Free Trade Zone The European free trade area has faced a large number of crises from the beginning of its history. Although, the free trade zone implementation process for Southeast Europe has been well structured, many economists opine that this trade liberalization process may result in adverse economic impacts. Ranchev and Georgi strongly argue that the concept of free trade zone would raise potential threats to the sustainable economic growth of the

I need a research proposal that is related to nursing

I need a that is related to nursing - Research Proposal Example 5 series of 2008, setting new policies/standards and increasing Bachelor of Nursing to a 5-year course from its previous 4-year program. Drawing from perceptions of graduates before and after the CHED Memo NO. 5 ( School Years 2005-2010), the strengths and weaknesses of the old curriculum (SY2005-2009) and the new (SY 2009-2010) can be assessed (Simbulan, p.1). The proposed study will gather data on perceptions of CEU College of Nursing graduates, who passed the Nursing board examination, and have been employed as professional nurses in the country or abroad. Their opinions will be drawn not only from their years of education, but the actual application of their knowledge, competence, and commitment to the profession. Evaluation research shall be applied to determine whether the CHED social intervention produced the intended results, using the method of survey and interview of respondents drawn randomly from the list of practicing CEU nursing graduate-professionals. Response variable s consist in the relevance and effectiveness of (a) the required general education subjects (b) theoretical foundation and fundamentals of nursing practice, and (c) apprenticeship program. Survey instruments shall be farmed out and retrieved by way of e-mail or letters through the assistance of the CEU Alumni Foundation. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis shall be done, utilizing survey and open interview data results.

Economic development Essay Example for Free

Economic development Essay Population growth Ââ€" some Filipinos believe that it is natural for every married woman to bear a child in their wombs because they are with their husbands. And this are very wrong beliefs since if you will be reasonable enough, you will realize that having a child is always together with great responsibility that has no end. And that you will realize that having more and more children will cause great scarcity in your family such as you would not be able to send your children to school and you would not be able to provide enough foods so that you children will be healthy and do good in school. Population growth is also the reason for a number of malnourish children in the Philippines. 2. Unemployment Ââ€" this is a very common cause of poverty in the Philippines since there are several Filipinos who are unemployed plus the fact that there are many companies that are affected of the global economic crisis. And the least thing that you can do about unemployment is to find a best way on generating money like you can accept laundry services, plumbing services, or electrical repair services if you are skilled enough to do the job. Then, you could start a certain profitable business like food house or a small store that does not require you much capital so that you will not find it hard to save enough money from the services that you are offering. 3. Governance concern Ââ€" one of the main reasons of poverty in the Philippines is the activities of the corrupt government officials. They are using the money of the people to achieve the power and authority that they wanted to have and once they have it they will automatically take advantage of their power to the point that they will neglect the yoke of the people and set aside their promises when they are just campaigning and try to convince the people to vote for them. 4. Agricultural problems Ââ€" this is the natural cause of the poverty in the Philippines that is because of the wrong activities of people. They ruin the treasure of the nature for their own sake without any idea that the nature they are destroying is the main source of almost all the products that exist in this world. Some of the examples of destroying the nature are the irresponsible disposal of wastes and trash, dynamite fishing, illegal logging and more. 5. Disability Ââ€" this is also one of the possible causes of poverty in the Philippines since more and more people nowadays become disabled because of several illnesses and diseases that arise like AH1N1 virus, SARS, dengue, and more. Disability may be also caused by uncontrolled population growth, for instance, you have ten kids in the house, and can you imagine attending to their needs everyday? Well, definitely not so the tendency is that they are prone to accidents that will cause them to be disabled since they are at very young age that are typically playful. RECOMMENDATION The World Bank suggests several solutions to combat poverty in the Philippines. 1. There is a need to have a strong focus on continued economic growth, driven by openness and macroeconomic stability. 2. Increased market access to the poor could be achieved by promoting tenancy, market-based land reform, and investing in essential rural infrastructure and agriculture extension services. 3. The scarcity of housing and threats to environmental health in urban areas could be reduced by promoting urban land reform and extending water and sanitation services. 4. Quality improvements in primary education and access to primary health services such as immunization and the prevention of water-borne and respiratory diseases are needed. 5. Social safety net programs can be rationalized and the targeting improved by strengthening institutional capacity building and eliminating food price subsidies in favor of targeted income subsidies or food stamps. Some of widely accepted principles in the mainstream development community, at the three descending levels of the world as a whole, Asia as a region, and the Philippines specifically. All three share in common placing poverty reduction at the core of development work. Philippines Level: The Arroyo administrations official development agenda focuses specifically on issues of poverty and unemployment. The key document here is the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP), 2001-2004, which stresses poverty reduction through equitable growth, rural development, and social sector investment. The four primary strategies are: †¢ Macroeconomic stability and equitable growth, using sound fiscal and monetary policies to keep inflation low and avoid surges in unemployment; modernize all sectors through HR development and technology; †¢ Comprehensive HR development, basic education, health, shelter, water, electricity; safety nets for most vulnerable sectors; encouraging poor to participate There are many causes of economic difficulties leading to mass poverty and hunger. One cause could be foreign debts servicing. This means that the Philippines must owe money to the World Bank. More than 60% of the Philippines budget goes to the World Bank. Unequal distribution of land and other resources is another cause that leads to poverty. Out of the whole population, only 20% own and control agricultural lands. Another cause could be under cultivation of agricultural lands. Only 13 million hectares are cultivated. There are about 17 million hectares of land that are not being used. There is a lot of poverty in the Philippines. Some people, called squatters, live near trash mounds and scavenge through the rubble to find materials that they can re-sell. Many are living in extreme poverty and unsanitary conditions. One of the effects this impoverished lifestyle has on them is an extremely short life expectancy. But there are some rays of hope. For one, slow but steady economic improvements are providing jobs in places like call centers. Secondly, charitable organizations like the Philippine Aid Society are growing and working hard to fight poverty. For those who want to do their part to help, consider a financial donation to one of these charities.

The Construction Of The Great Wall

The Construction Of The Great Wall The construction of the great wall arose throughout the Warring States Period (403 to 221 BC). The Great Wall is a fortification alongside the northern and northwestern boundary of China, running from Shanhaiguan on the Gulf of Bohai on the east to the vicinity of Gaodai, Gansu Province, on the west, with an inner wall consecutively southward from the vicinity of Beijing almost to Handan. Shi Huangdi, first emperor of the Chin dynasty founded the biggest portion of the wall as a defense against raids by nomadic peoples. Organized work on the wall was begun about 221 BC, after Shi Huangdi had united China under his rule, and it was completed about 204 BC. Small segments of the wall were probably already in existence, but Shi Huangdi is thought to have had some nearly 1,200 miles of the wall erected during his reign. 300,000 men several of them political prisoners whose bodies are thought to be buried in the wall (not essentially true) were put to work joining the segments into one h uge rampart of stone and earth. In later times, chiefly during the period of the Ming dynasty (AD 1368-1644), the Great Wall was fixed and extended by reinforcing it with cement and stone. The fortification finally reached a length of about 1,500 miles, ensuing the course of rivers instead of bridging them and conforming to the contours of the mountains and valleys in its path. The wall is built of earth and stone, faced with brick in the eastern parts. It is from 15 to 30 feet thick at the base (about 20 feet on the average) and tapers to some 12 feet at the top. The height averages 25 feet exclusive of the crenellated parapets. Watchtowers about 40 feet in height are placed at intervals of approximately 200 yards. Several hundred kilometers of the Great Wall remain intact in the eastern reaches. The amount of brick and stone working to construct the Great Wall might limit the earth with a barrier eight feet high. From the 6th to the 14th centuries, the wall proved to be an effective barrier against strong-minded invaders, who revealed that bribing the lookouts was their most effective weapon. The Chinese Emperors aided in this cause by failing to pay there army troops, usually a bad mistake. If you dont pay your army, someone else will. Scholars guess that the Great Wall with all its divisions once stretched for 6,200 miles, from the Yalu River in the northern east to Xinjiang in the northwest. Today it measures 6,000 miles. The Great Wall has suffered serious damage from wind and water erosion, as well as man-made destruction. In the past it has been a treasure store of stone for many a poor farmer. Between 1870 and 1974, the 8th Route Army stationed at Gubeikou destroyed 9,840 feet of the wall to use the stone to erect some barracks. Later in 1979, the State ordered the same army group to tea r down their barracks and rebuild the wall. In 226 the armies of the Chu Dynasty and the Qin dynasty met in a great final battle. The victor would get the prize of the richest and most technologically advanced nation of the world. The Qin Emperor needed to defend the country from the marauding bands of nomadic horsemen of the north. These bands of horsemen who raided the rich farmland came from the barren land of the north and were forced to become marauding nomads. It was a clash of farmers against warriors. The group would be difficult to defeat. The strength, stability and prosperity of the new empire were threatened by these marauding hordes. To preserve Chinas borders the Qin set about building a huge defensive barrier in 221 BC. Wall building became the chief defensive strategy to repel the enemy from the north. This was in the age before gunpowder and cannons. The first Great Wall was a massive undertaking. It was the equivalent of building 30 of the great pyramids of Egypt. To build this great wall of 3,000 miles the Qin Emperor chose his most able general Ling Qia. He was given an army of over 300,000 men. They had to build roads, and the infrastructure as well as the wall. Much of the wall was built of beaten clay. Rock was not always available, so tamped earth became the first choice. Dirt was designated from at least four inches below the surface so seeds and grasses could not germinate and thus undermine the strength of the wall. Consuming first a form made of wood, earth was piled and was pounded into a layer of four inches thick. Following layers of this would produce a wall twenty feet high that would still be standing some 2,000 years later. The wall stretched from the borders of North Korea across the northern border to the far reaches in western China. In ten years they built a wall across the entire northern border of China in lands that included marshes, quicksand, deserts, and altitudes of 8,000 feet. They built twenty-five miles a month that is almost a mile a day. One section is across 60 miles of a mountain range. This section was built entirely of native stone with the flat face placed on the outside to face the enemy. This dry stonewall was built 20 feet high with 26-foot high beacon towers. The Qin army invented new weapons to exploit thei r advantage of their new wall. The most deadly of these was the crossbow that could hurl an arrow 250 yards with amazing accuracy. Other weapons included iron casting techniques to produce double edged swords which would not be known in the west for some 1,300 years later. The soft bronze swords of the enemy were no match for the double-edged iron swords of the Qin army. All of this was achieved at great economic and human costs. The emperor thought the wall would bring peace to the nation but the nation was weakened by the heavy cost of the construction. Ditches along the wall were filled with the corpses of workers who died building the wall. Deaths of wall workers are estimated to exceed one million. Some have claimed that the dead workers were entombed in the wall itself. Later investigations proved this untrue. Also decaying bodies would have weakened the structure and would not have been allowed. No society could sustain such a terrible burden. Taxation became heavier and heav ier. Some 3,500,000 people were involved in the building of the Great Wall. That was 70% of the total population of China at that time. For each worker working on the wall, six were required to feed and support them. Construction of the Qin wall became the most loathed imperial plan in Chinese history. In 209 BC, Only a year after the death of the Qin Emperor, millions of laborers rose up and ended the tyranny and bloodshed of wall building. The Qin Dynasty had fallen, brought down by the building of the great wall. Within ten years much of the wall was a neglected ruin. Once again the northern border was at the mercy of the northern invaders. After three years of civil war in 206 BC the first Han Dynasty was formed under the Gao Di Emperor, Liu Bang. At first he attempted to appease the northern invaders with gifts and increased trade but peace was sporadic. A massive force of the Han army attacked the invaders and forced them back across the northern borders. To consolidate their victories they began to mark out their new extended borders. In many areas they simply restored the old Qin wall. In order to build walls in the desert of the west, new methods of construction had to be devised. Here the soil consists of a gravel of sand and small stones. They used alternating layers of red willows and the gravel and lots of tamping. This produced a wall that has survived for some 2,000 years. Using these techniques and hundreds of thousands of people, the Han were able to build the wall far into the Gobi desert. And where clay was used as a skin or coating it made the wall difficult to scale and protected it against the erosion of the weather. The Han leadership knew to have a strong frontier they not only needed to build a strong wall but they also needed crack troops to defend it. They developed a force of light cavalry that could foray into the enemy territory to check on the enemy movements in his own grounds. They had many victories against the Xiongnu. They then employed renegade Xiongnu horse masters to set up horse breeding stables and to train their troops in horsemanship. By the time of the sixth Han Emperor Wu Di some 66 years later, they had crushed the Xiongnu and the wall was extended some 300 miles into the Gobi Desert. The wall now extended across the principle trading routes and if you wished to trade with the Chinese you needed to enter through the gates in the wall. Around these gates towns were established and became the trade centers of the area. At most gates foreigners were not allowed to go past the gates so these became the portals of trade into China. One flawless example is the stunningly preserved Jade Gate. Built in 101 BC, it is 28 feet high and 66 feet square. Close by they built a fort for the Han soldiers defending the wall. This piece of the wall is 453 feet long, 115 feet wide and 23 feet high. The wall became more than a trade route and a barrier to keep out the enemy, it turned out to be vital for communications. Along its ramparts messages can be sent at incredible speeds from one end of the empire to the other. All along the northern border beacon towers were built every 15 to 30 miles. They formed a communication network, which ran from outposts deep into enemy territory to the ancient capital in the east. From these towers the Han troops used smoke by day and torches by night to send messages along the length of the wall. They burnt wood, and straw mixed with wolf dung, which produced rich black columns of smoke. Statutes firmly governed the code of these signals. One column of smoke indicated a n impending attack by a force of less than 500. Two columns showed an attack by a force less than 3,000 and four columns indicated an attack by a force of up to 10,000.China would wait another 1,300 years before embarking on its greatest period of wall building. The Ming Dynasty built much of what remains today. They were driven by desperation to build the ultimate defense and lock the northern frontier once and for all. The Ming renovated the old Qin and Han walls and extended them. The Ming wall stretched some 4,500 miles from the Korean border at Dandong to the city of Jayuguan in the western desert. Today that fort is one of the most impressive, ornate, and sophisticated military constructions in the history of China. The Ming Dynasty came into power in 1368 inheriting a nation crushed by 100 years of rule by the Mongols. The mighty Genghis Khan had united these tribes in 1206 and had pushed their way through China. Ultimately they fell from within. A peasant revolt spelled the defeat of the Mongol empire. The leader of this revolt was Zhu Yangzhong who was installed as the first Ming Emperor. He immediately took up the challenge to begin building the great defense again. The enthusiasm in which the Ming emperors embraced this ambition was staggering. They built more wall than any other dynasty. The Ming wall was typically built with a stone facing over tamped inner clay. This wall was almost indestructible. The Ming bricks were a marvel of engineering holding up to a pressure of over 1000 pounds per square inch. The mortar was of super strength. The mortar was stronger than the bricks themselves. The puzzle of this super strength has now been solved. The mystery ingredient was rice flour. With innovations like these, the Ming was able to build spectacular monuments. A feature of the wall was water drainage systems that channeled the water to the Chinese side and withheld the water to the enemy side and thus inhibited plant growth and so denied cover to the attackers. Warning towers were built in enemy territory. These spurs were built out from the main wall and permitted the Chinese to attack the marauders from two sides. The armies were controlled from watchtowers that were built every 200 yards along the Ming walls. Locks and bolts secured the doors and windows from within creating a formidable fortress. From these towers the defenders could unleash arrows and spears from heavily protected slits. Later cannon were used. Having discovered gunpowder, the Ming was also the first to use hand grenades and mines. Stones were also pushed through special openings to create man made avalanches to crush the enemy. If the attackers succeeded in scaling the wall, the defenders could retreat to the guard towers. These guard towers were only accessible by retractable ladders.

Australian Family Law Essay -- Family Law

In this day and age there are many variations of what constitutes a couple or family in comparison to many years ago. Long ago the idea of a ‘nuclear family’ was considered the norm; it consisted of the conventional husband, wife and children . But as our society progressed through the years this definition became less conventional and criticisms were made, this definition of ‘family’ did not account for gay unions, soul parents nor did it acknowledge the prevalence of extended family. The definition of family has changed over time, as have the socially defined roles of mothers and fathers. Within these varied family units, situations occur in which divorces and separations take place and a lot of the times these tricky situations may involve children, which can make an already tricky situation even more problematic. There are pieces of legislation which are in place which aim to protect the best interests of a child during the time their parents are going t hrough divorce but sometimes these avenues can be more problematic and ultimately destroy unions whereas other avenues of dispute resolution such as mediation, albeit with its own criticisms, helps to keep relationships afoot in that it provides an opportunity for peaceful and mutual agreements to be made in a more laid back environment. In the Commonwealth of Australia’s Constitution Act s 51, powers of the Commonwealth Parliament to legislate on family law subjects is laid out, it states: â€Å"The Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: (xxi) Marriage: (xxii) Divorce and matrimonial causes; and relation thereto, parental rights and the custody and guardianship of inf... ...amily Law, 4th edn, Lexis Nexis, Australia McDonald, P 1984, Can The Family Survive? - Change in Australia, Discussion Paper no. 11, Australian Institute of Family Studies, accessed 10 April 2012 http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/dp11.html Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act s 51, Prepared 2003, Accessed 3 April 2012, http://fedlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/$FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, Family Law Act 1975, Australasian Legal Information Institute (Austlii), http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/ Goode v Goode (2006) FamCA 1346 (http://www.familylawwebguide.com.au/attachment.php?id=43&keep_session=21863255) Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) Family Law Act 1975(Cth) †¢ s 60I †¢ s 60CC †¢ s 60CC (3)(a) †¢ s 60CE †¢ 61DA †¢ s 65DAA

Language and Cognition Essay

Language is very complex and the manner at which humans learn language is even more complex. Language is more than just words and with words there are also definitions this paper will explain what language and lexicon is. Language is connected to cognitive functions in so many ways that this is better explained throughout the paper. There are key features in language that is developed during childhood and continues to grow as children get bigger. Language has a structure and processing through four levels. These levels better help humans understand language and communicate to one another. The connections in language processing and cognitive psychology are better understood later on in this paper. First to start off with a better understanding of what language and lexicon is. When a duck quacks, a dog barks, a horse neighs, and a cow moos everyone knows that they are communicating, these sounds do not however make up language. According to (Merriam-Webster’s Third New Internati onal Dictionary Unabridged) language is an â€Å"audible, articulate, meaningful sound as produced by the action of the vocal organs†. Language and communication is structured, to communicate there must be arbitrary, considered generative and dynamic. Animal sounds are audible they are produced by an action of vocal organs but they are not structured. An animal’s noise is composed of a single sound. In addition to the human cognitive functions and language assimilation, is how the brain has a mental dictionary that holds all of symbols of words. According to (Merriam-Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged) lexicon is â€Å"a book containing an alphabetical or other systematic arrangement of the words in a language or of a considerable number of them and their definitions†. Lexicon’s record accumulated spelling and pronunciation; humans also recognize words by evaluating what he or she has perceived hearing with these recordings. Humans will compare animal communication sounds using the stored lexicon to decide if the sounds make up a known language. Caldwell-Harris (2008) notes â€Å"words represented with links to their typical linguistic contexts will help explain the ever present influence of context on word meaning† (p. 170). Therefore, there would be no meaning to a human and an animal to communicate between each other because there are not words or contexts to understand. Furthermore, an understanding of language is more than the definition and lexicon, but includes the key features of language. Humans are pre-programmed to learn language; there is also a critical period which is where someone can learn effortlessly. According to (Willingham, 2007, p. 423) â€Å"there is fairly strong evidence that our brains are prepared to learn language, and with relatively little prompting, will do so†. Children learn in stage starting with babbling and cooing. According to (Hollich, 2006, p. 10) â€Å"to learn a word, infants must represent both the acoustic form and then make the connection to an external, possibly unfamiliar, object†. As children are learning to pronounce vowels and consonants they put together words, as they do this they also look at objects to match with the words. Chrysikou, Novick, Trueswell, & Thompson-Schill (2011) note â€Å"specifically, an increase in the spontaneous use of inner verbal strategies during development may support aspects of top-down control in task-shifting, by selecting and maintaining task-relevant goals, remembering task order , or retrieving task-relevant information† (p. 254). With repetition the key features of language are learned, and humans begin to form structure and begin to use the key features of language. There are four key features of language phonemes, words, sentences, and text. These key features are the structure and processing used in cognitive psychology. When listening to the pronunciations a person learning the language also needs to know how to identify it. Cognitive process helps us to learn these different words and how to spell, speak, and the meaning of each word. According to (Willingham, 2008, P. 454) if the phoneme string matches an entry, the word has been identified, and the cognitive system has access to the other properties of the word, including the spelling, part of speech, and meaning. The individual sounds that make up the audible and written copy of words are known as phonemes. There are about 200 phonemes used worldwide, but only about 46 are used in the English language. Through the above mentioned lexicon, people are able to determine a spelling and pronunciation of each word. With this ability humans are able to make coherent sentences with noun phrase and verb phrases. When this is completed it is where the significant formation of actual text is possible. A person can know phonemes, words, and sentences but to really carry on a conversation a person must correctly understand the language this is text. A branch of psychology is cognitive psychology and this area explores the function of mental processes connected to attending, thinking, perceiving, language, and memory. The English language has different sounds for letters as well for example kit and skill, the k sound is different in both words but the letter is the same. Each language has their own pronunciations as well as meanings but they are all diverse. According to (Evans and Levinson, 2009, P. 431) â€Å"the crucial fact for understanding the place of language in human cognition is its diversity. For example, languages may have less than a dozen distinctive sounds, or they may have 12 dozen, and sign languages do not use sounds at all†. There are quite a few functions used in cognitively one of which is memory. Memory is a big part of language and understanding the meaning of words. Humans learn language by repetition and memory to recall definitions and perceptions of the different words in the world around them. In conclusion cognitive psychology and the process of language is connected more than one might believe. Understanding our world around us through experiences is not the only way our mind works. Through language and lexicon, a person recalls information he or she has learned from previous experiences to better understand the lexicon and remember it. The key features of language are that humans are programmed to learn language and understand it. While humans learn the language they move through the four levels of structure and processing to get to communication. Communication is not just understanding the words but also making clear sentences and text as learned in this paper. References: CALDWELL-HARRIS, C. (2008). Language research needs an â€Å"emotion revolution† and distributed models of the lexicon. Bilingualism, 11(2), 169-171. doi:10.1017/S1366728908003301 Chrysikou, E. G., Novick, J. M., Trueswell, J. C., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2011). The Other Side of Cognitive Control: Can a Lack of Cognitive Control Benefit Language and Cognition?. Topics In Cognitive Science, 3(2), 253-256. doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01137.x Evans, N., & Levinson, S. C. (2009). The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5),429-48;discussion 448-494. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999094X Hollich, G. (2006). Combining techniques to reveal emergent effects in infants segmentation, word learning, and grammar. Language and Speech, 49, 3-19. http://search.proquest.com /docview/213732301?accountid=35812 Merriam-Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged [Accessed June 18, 2012]. Willingham, D.T. (2007). Cognitions: The thinking animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

Organizational Theory and “The Heart of Change” Essay

The book The Heart of Change shows the practical side of the theories that are taught in the course textbook. It presents stories of successes and failures based in the application of concepts discussed in Organizational Behavior and Management and in class. Although we talked about several different concepts the ones that are evident in the examples in The Heart Of Change are the more progressive and individual centered approaches. The leadership characteristics that are important to successful change in an organization are those that are espoused in the transformational theory of management. It makes sense that ideals in line with the transformational management theory would be evident in a book about how to bring about positive change in an organization. Discussion A transformational leader essentially is about growth through change, about challenging the status quo, and staff to grow and perform it is about empowerment and all of those things are important in regards to the approach put forth in The Heart Of Change. A key theme in The Heart Of Change is that change is not brought about by statistical analysis or common sense, but it comes after changing the way that people feel about an issue. It is about connecting with the individual and bringing about an emotive response that motivates a change in behavior. And that is in line with one of the focal traits of a transformational leader. They are visionary leaders who focus who create the mission, focus and goals for the organization. Their approach to leadership is centered around the individual. This is important because for a leader to effectively implement change based The Heart Of Change they would have to be aware of they motivational factors of their employees so they know how do best address the intrinsic needs to change the attitudes of employees. The Heart Of Change shows that change does not happen simply by instituting different systems, but that people are the  force that ultimately determines how well an organization adapts change. That also relates to the leadership style of the transformational leader. They focus on the people as the key elements to bring change to an organization. Group Emotional Intelligence is a topic that we discussed in class that is essential to the type of change discussed in The Heart Of Change. The second stage of change is about putting together a team that is able drive the company towards its specific goal in regards to instituting change. There needs to be a strong force pushing the change and keeping the urgency up. It is understandably to much for on person to handle so there needs to be a team of interested, motivated people to act as that driving force. The three ideas of trust, sense of group identity, and group efficacy are essential to group effectiveness. The group that is at the forefront of the change action in an organization needs to exhibit a high EI. Not only because they need to be efficient, but because they are a model for the rest of the organization. This again relates to the character traits of the transformational leadership theory. Being a role model, showing others behaviors to emulate are what transformational leaders do, and this is what the change guiding group does as described in The Heart Of Change. Empowerment is an issue that is imperative to the change process. We touched on the idea of empowerment while exploring power, and politics in the workplace. Empowerment is important in regards to The Heart Of Change, because it is also about ownership. For change to be effective it takes an entire organization to believe in the change process. Through empowerment of the staff in the change process you are creating a sense of ownership for them in the process of change. Once they feel like they are an important part of the process it creates a sense of pride in their part of the process. In the workplace a sense of pride usually leads to a commitment to excellence in working towards the goals of the organization. Again this is a trait of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders encourage their teams and staff to be innovative, creative and encourage them to take risks. Empowerment is a tool, which is used to elicit the abovementioned traits in the staff, and drives the c hange. Organizational socialization is the way values; abilities, expected behaviors, and social knowledge of a organization are shared. It is based on creating an uniformity in mission, beliefs and actions. Socialization, in regards to the organizational change does not seem that it is an important issue in regards to affecting change in an organization. However, it is an integral part in sustaining any positive gains that have come from organizational change. After any sort of change occurs it must be accompanied with a change in the formal and informal socialization procedures to ensure they reflect the new organizational structure and culture. Effective socialization is imperative to ensure the change is long lasting. Updating Standard Operating Procedures for existing staff, as well as orientation procedures should reinforce the new changes for current staff, and introduce them to the new staff. Changing a system in simple. Sustaining a new culture and behavior in the workplace is difficult. People tend to revert to what is comfortable to them. In organizations that are in the process of implementing change is systems or culture, new people to the organization are the easiest to accept and adapt to the new changes. A new active socialization procedure needs to be adopted to address the veterans in the organization. They are the group that will be more apt to fall into old habits. Communication in the workplace is key to change, and is a theme that is throughout The Heart Of Change. Communication is important throughout several different stages of the change process as described in The Heart Of Change. There is a chapter in The Heart Of Change where they concentrate on communication of the vision and goals to the organization as a whole to motivate the members to buy into the vision. However, communication is very important during the first stage of change. In this stage the message communicated is the catalyst that will inspire the rest of organization to want to change. The communication should be tailored to evoke an emotional response, to motivate staff. The message can be we need to change, but the delivery of the message is has much to do its effectiveness. Also communication is important in the socialization aspect of sustaining  change. Within an organization communication comes in different forms. Procedures and rules are in the employee handbook, emails and memos. The culture of a workplace is transmitted through symbols and actions. The latter of the aforementioned communication is difficult and requires more effort to see that it is carried out in a manner that supports the organizational change. If there is a specific message, and vision that is to resonate with people and motivate them, all the actions of the leaders in the in the organization should reflect the message. Conclusion Change is a difficult process for an individual, but for an organization the difficulty grows exponentially. For an organization to change the actions and culture of everybody within the organization must change as well. There are the logistics involved in changing organizational structure. Then there is the task of changing the behavior of the employees as well. That is where the most obstacles will be found. The Heart Of Change offers a variety of experiences to highlight their theory in regards to the steps of successful change. Rooted in their theory are concepts that were discussed in class. Most of concepts that are evident in the change process theory are progressive and reflect ideas indicative of transformational leadership theory. The Heart Of Change has brought the individual concepts together and shown how they can work together to affect successful change in an organization. Reading The Heart Of Change shows how the powerful and effective the ideas that we learned about are, and how they can benefit us as we take leadership positions in our organizations.

Introduction to Debt Capital Markets

BUILDING TOMORROWâ„ ¢ Introduction to Debt Capital Markets Craig Rydqvist rbs. com/gbm Introduction My background Finance sector focussed education and experience but not ‘traditional’ IB route Education †¢ †¢ First degree – BSc in Management Studies; Postgraduate – MSc Masters in Finance (part-time). Work Experience †¢ †¢ †¢ KPMG – Financial Sector Audit and Consulting (ACA); Barclays Capital – Finance followed by Trading and Structuring; RBS – Finance followed by DCM Origination. Current Role †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Director – Conduit Origination; Sell side origination, execution and structuring; Buy side transaction analysis as RBS is ultimate risk taker; Line Manager for Global Banking Analyst Programme. Mature version of Will from the Inbetweeners RBS00000 3 Xin Miao – 2nd Year Analyst, DCM Appears geared towards Investment banking†¦ didn’t know what they were! Education & Work Experience †¢ †¢ †¢ LSE BSc in Accounting & Finance RBS Easter internship (DCM) RBS Summer internship (FI DCM) Current Role †¢RBS Graduate programme – First rotation: Investment grade corporate bond origination – Second rotation (outside DCM): Energy & Resources sector RBS00000 4 RBS Investment Banking Model GBM GBM banking GBM markets Clients Equities Origination Corporate DCM and Risk solutions Syndicate FI DCM / FISF Sector and Corporate Finance Client Management Trading Sales Investors Corporate and FIG coverage Research and strategy Origination GBM Operations Distribution RBS00000 5 DCM Products DCM Products are varied and lie on a spectrum between market facing and structured †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Corporate Investment Grade Bonds Financial Institution Debt High Yield Debt Liability Management Loan Origination and Syndication Structured Finance – Securitisation – Covered Bonds – FI Hybrids – Structured Corporate Debt †¢ †¢ Private Placements Ratings Advisory RBS offers the complete package of DCM products RBS00000 6 What DCM Originators do Origination Relationship Building Distribution Client pitches Beauty parades Market Coverage Peer Group Benchmarking Pricing Documentation Roadshows Investor contact Best deal for clientConstant dialogue with clients †¢ Pitching / responding to Requests for Proposal †¢ Indicative pricing and market commentary †¢ Execution Development of a diverse skill-set †¢ Analysis of market trends (historical and current) †¢ Presentation skills †¢ Ability to work across teams Day to day job †¢ Pricing analysis †¢ Continuous interaction with the market – new issues, market trends, demand drivers, rumours, etc †¢ Client presentations/meetings pitching for business †¢ Transaction facilitation including deal roadshows / investor due diligence RBS00000 7Current League Table Standings Al l Currencies WE IG Corporate Bonds 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner 1 Deutsche Bank 2 RBS 3 BNP Paribas 4 HSBC 5 JPMorgan Total Industry Source: Dealogic Analytics Share Amount No. (%) (EURm) 9,277 52 10. 08 7,150 49 7. 77 6,294 39 6. 84 6,203 39 6. 74 5,951 26 6. 46 92,054 180 100 2013 Target Position: Top 3 All Currencies WE Corp. & FI Syndicated Loans 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ^ ^ ^ ^ ? 1 BNP Paribas SA 2 Credit Agricole CIB 3 Societe Generale 4 RBS 5 HSBC Holdings PLC Total Industry Source: Thomson Reuters Share Amount No. %) (EURm) 19,092 135 7. 60 18,246 86 7. 20 16,003 93 6. 30 15,635 99 6. 20 13,443 78 5. 30 252,044 352 100 2013 Target Position: Top 3 All Currencies CEEMEA Corp. Synd. Loans 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ? ? ? ^ ^ 1 Citi 2 Credit Agricole CIB 3 RBS 4 BNP Paribas SA 5 Barclays Capital Total Industry Source: Thomson Reuters Share Amount No. (%) (EURm) 3,217 27 9. 00 3,052 19 8. 60 2,561 15 7. 20 2,541 16 7. 10 1,961 6 13. 00 35,593 68 100 2013 Target Position: Top 5 ? ? ? ? ^ Cross Border Private Placements 15 September 2011 YTDBookrunner 1 RBS 2 BAS 3 Barclays 4 HSBC 5 CBA Total Industry Source: PP Monitor Amount (EURm) 4,543 3,994 1,902 1,775 1,528 No. 22 19 12 9 7 Share (%) 23. 80 20. 90 9. 90 9. 30 8. 00 All Currencies WE HY Corporate Bonds 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ? ? ? ? ? All Currencies CEEMEA Corporate Bonds 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 Barclays Capital 2 RBS 3 Goldman Sachs 4 BNP Paribas 5 Citi Total Industry 2013 Target Position: Top 3 1 Deutsche Bank 2 Goldman Sachs 3 Citi 4 Credit Suisse 9 RBS Total Industry Source: Dealogic AnalyticsAmount Share No. (EURm) (%) 4,161 35 11. 11 3,518 23 9. 40 2,922 18 7. 80 2,909 20 7. 77 1,820 16 4. 86 37,441 88 100 2013 Target Position: Top 5 Amount (EURm) 2,398 1,360 1,335 1,300 1,095 15,638 No. 13 9 8 9 6 37 Share (%) 15. 34 8. 70 8. 54 8. 31 7. 00 100 ? ? ? ? ? Source: Dealogic Analytics 2013 Target Position: Top 5 RBS is a market leader in all the major D CM products RBS00000 8 Major differences between DCM and †¦. Corporate Finance †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Corporate Finance has lower execution volume As a result lots of time spent itching strategic ideas DCM is more transaction focussed DCM bankers have more respect for your private life Markets Markets covers, sales, trading, research and other areas so it’s a little hard to generalise Markets work more driven by market psychology and sort-term trends and relative value DCM generally more macro-economic focus so interaction is with the client C-suite Equity Capital Markets DCM bankers are pessimists, ECM bankers are optimists DCM involves more ‘definite’ maths – bond maths is less ‘speculative’ RBS00000 9 Why might I choose to work in DCM at RBS? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢If you are interested in how businesses work – probably at a slightly more detailed l evel You like maths that ‘works’ – less need to speculate on growth rates and uncontrollable factors DCM is the most successful franchise within RBS GBM and carries that kudos throughout the organisation The DCM analyst programme offers lots of variety with a minimum of 6 rotations, of which at least 4 will be within DCM If you still want to learn – we take analyst development very seriously If you want to work with great people DCM bankers have respect for your private life DCM is a great place to learn and developRBS00000 10 Life of a DCM analyst Fast-learner Creative and innovative thinker Attention to detail Work well under pressure †¢ †¢ 7. 30-8. 30am start Daily tasks: – Morning meetings – Market updates/reports – Other updates e. g. company pricing †¢ †¢ †¢ Building models, producing presentations Collaboration: talking to traders, syndicate desks, Relationship Managers, other teams in DCM†¦ Analyst s events: training, networking lunch Positive Attitude RBS00000 11 Pop Quiz Should these client queries be directed to DCM, ECM, Corporate Finance, Markets or somewhere else? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Company CFO interested in divesting a non-core division; Institutional investor seeking to take risk on Greek sovereign default; Company CFO seeking to renew a syndicated loan facility; Bank of England seeking information on RBS exposure to Italian FIs; Company CFO seeking to understand the impact on his company credit rating of redeeming outstanding bonds; Company CFO seeking advice on complete capital restructure; Same CFO following up to understand how much capital she might raise via a rights issue and the effects of such a rights issue; Institutional investor seeking to attend a roadshow for an upcoming securitisation deal; Same investor seeking to switch his exposure in mortgage securitisation to exposure in auto securitisation ; CFO of the same investment company seeking to raise capital in the private placement market. Collaboration is Key – we serve clients best when we leverage the breadth of our franchise RBS00000 12 Questions? RBS00000 13This material is issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland plc (â€Å"RBS†) and is intended to provide the recipient (the â€Å"Recipient†) with a summary of potential transaction structures and terms and conditions that may or may not lead to transactions being entered into between RBS and the Recipient. Unless and until both RBS and the Recipient agree to, and sign formal written contracts, it is not intended that either RBS or the Recipient is, or will be, bound by any of these proposed terms and conditions. This material is confidential and is intended for use only by the Recipient and its professional advisers and remains the property of RBS. 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